Immune protection against infectious diseases is a crucial objective in both human and animal health. Currently, the focus of the vaccine landscape is primarily on COVID-19, which has required an unprecedented global effort to develop and deploy vaccines rapidly. Consequently, vaccination has become a dominant subject in scientific literature, and detailed discussions on specific immunization strategies and vaccine-induced immune responses are widespread in the media. This situation has underscored the challenges posed by emerging viral pandemics and the need for a universal approach to vaccine development, regardless of the pathogen-host combination. Traditional vaccine formulations, such as inactivated or attenuated versions of the whole infectious agent, have faced limitations, such as potential safety risks associated with chemical inactivation or the risk of reverting to virulence with attenuated strains. As a result, there is a growing interest in recombinant subunit vaccines. ...
Introduction Throughout the history of scientific research, the goal has always been to enhance human capabilities beyond natural limitations. Technology has allowed us to make our lives better through personalized medications, gene editing, Aesthetic surgery, neural implants, bionic prosthetics, and the Human-Machine interface. With advanced studies in biomedical engineering, pharmaceuticals, neurotechnology, and nanotechnology, there is the potential to create a future where we can cure physical abnormalities or intervene for aesthetic purposes. Wearable biosensors, for instance, can help athletes improve their performance, wearable biosensors can measure fluctuating insulin levels for diabetic patients, and augmented reality glasses can assist medical professionals in surgical simulations. Cognitive implants, which are non-invasive tech implanted in the brain, can improve memory and cognitive abilities. Micro-chipping for wireless transactions, without the need of phone or car...
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